نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه مدیریت ورزشی دانشکده تربیت بدنی دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود
2 عضو هیات علمی/ دانشگاه صنعتی شاهرود
چکیده
هدف: هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی عوامل پدیدآورندۀ تبانی در ورزش بود.
روش‌شناسی: این پژوهش توسعهای-اکتشافی با استفاده از روش تحلیل محتوای کیفی انجام شد. مشارکتکنندگان این پژوهش شامل 9 تن از پژوهشگران مدیریت ورزشی، مربیان تیمهای ملی، ورزشکاران حرفهای و خبرنگاران ورزشی بودند که به عنوان مطلع از پدیده تبانی در ورزش و به صورت هدفمند انتخاب شدند. ملاک تعیین حجم نمونه، اشباع نظری دادهها بود. گردآوری دادهها با استفاده از مصاحبههای نیمهساختاریافته انجام شد. مصاحبهها در سه مرحله کدگذاری باز، تجمیع کدها و مقولهبندی تحلیل شدند.
یافته‌ها: حاصل تحلیل دادهها، شناسایی 10 عامل پدیدآورندۀ تبانی در ورزش بود که در سه دستۀ «عوامل مرتبط با ورزش»، «مناسبات بازیگران کلیدی» و «عوامل مدیریتی» دستهبندی شدند.
نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس نتایج، مبارزه با تبانی مستلزم ایجاد ساختارهای نظارتی و تدوین قوانین بازدارنده است که ضمن ارتقای تعهد حرفهای بازیگران کلیدی، بهبود شرایط مالی آنها را نیز در پی داشته باشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Factors Causing Sports Match-fixing
نویسندگان [English]
- Hoda Darboy 1
- Hadi Bagheri 2
1 Shahrood university of Technology
2 faculty member/ Shahrood University of Technology
چکیده [English]
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors causing match-fixing in Iran sports.
Methodology: This research was developed-exploratory that was done using qualitative content analysis method. The participants in the research were 9 sports management researchers, club/national team coaches, professional athletes, and sports journalists who knew about the phenomenon of collusion that were selected purposefully. With the theoretical saturation of the data, the sampling ended. Data collection was done using semi-structured interviews. The interviews were analyzed in three stages included open coding, combining codes and categorization.
Results: The result of data analysis was the identification of 10 factors causing collusion in sports, which were categorized into three categories: "sports-related factors", "key actors’ relationships" and "management factors".
Conclusion: According to the results, the fight against match-fixing requires the establishment of regulatory structures and the development of deterrent laws that both enhance the professional commitment of key sports actors and improve their financial situation.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Collusion
- Competitive corruption
- Pressure theory
- Criminal behavior
- Agnew, R., & Brezina, T. (2010). Strain theories. (In E. McLa). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
- Balsdon, E., Fong, L., & Thayer, M. A. (2007). Corruption in college basketball? Evidence of tanking in postseason conference tournaments. Journal of Sports Economics, 8(1), 19-38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002505275095
- Bandura, A., Caprara, G., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C., & Regalia, C. (2001). Socio-cognitive self-regulatory mechanisms governing transgressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(1), 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1037/00223514.80.1.125
- Bandura, A. (1991). Social cognitive theory of moral thought and action (Hillsdale, Ed.). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Barkoukis, V., Lazuras, L., & Kourelis, P. (2020). A preliminary investigation of the decision making process towards match fixing. Crime, Law and Social Change, 74(1), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09870-5
- Baron, S. W. (2007). Street youth, gender, financial strain, and crime: Exploring Broidy and Agnew’s extension to general strain theory. Deviant Behavior, 28(3), 273-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620701233217
- Carpenter, K. (2012). Match-fixing – The biggest threat to sport in the 21st century. International Sports Law Review, 2, 13-24. http://www.responsiblegambling.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Match-Fixing%E2%80%94The-Biggest-Threat-to-Sport-in-the-21st-Century.pdf
- Chater, M., Arrondel, L., Gayant, J. P., & Laslier, J. F. (2021). Fixing match-fixing: Optimal schedules to promote competitiveness. European Journal of Operational Research, 294(2), 673-683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.02.006
- Cohen, L., & Felson, M. (1979). Social change and crime rate trends: A routine ac-tivity approach. American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588-608. https://doi.org/10.2307/2094589
- Constantin, P. N., & Stănescu, M. (2021). Irregularities in Football.‘Cooperativa’: A History of Match-Fixing in Romanian Football. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 37(15), 1549-1568. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2020.1828358
- Cornish, D., & Clarke, R. (1987). Understanding Crime Displacement: An Application of Rational Choice Theory. Criminology, 25(4), 933–948. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1987.tb00826.x
- Csató, L. (2020). When neither team wants to win: a flaw of recent UEFA qualification rules. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 15(4), 526–532. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120921001
- Csató, L. (2021). Quantifying incentive (in) compatibility: a case study from sports. European Journal of Operational Research, 302(2), 717-726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2022.01.042
- Doyle, P. (2010). The day in 1982 when the world wept for Algeria. https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jun/13/1982-world-cup-algeria
- Forrest, D. (2012). The threat to football from betting-related corruption. International Journal of Sport Finance, 7, 99-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.02.006
- Gardiner, S. Parry, J. & Robinson, S. (2017). Integrity and the corruption debate in sport: where is the integrity? European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(1), 6-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1259246
- Globan, T., & Jägers, E. (2019). Multiple Ownership, Collusion and Unusual Result Patterns in Soccer. Contemporary Economic Policy, 37(2), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12286
- Gorse, S. (2014). Corruption in international sport: Implications for sponsorship management. Coventry University. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.628968
- Guba, E. G. & Y. S. L. (1981). Effective evaluation: improving the usefulness of evaluation results through responsive and naturalistic approaches. San Francisco: CA, Jessey- Bass.
- Guyon, J. (2020). Risk of Collusion: Will Groups of 3 Ruin the FIFA World Cup? Journal of Sports Analytics, 6(4), 259–279. https://doi.org/3233/JSA-200414
- Haberfeld, M. R., & Sheehan, D. (2013). Match-fixing in international sports: Existing processes, law enforcement, and prevention strategies. (Springer, Ed.). New York. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-02582-7
- Hill, D. (2010). A critical mass of corruption: Why some football leagues have more match-fixing than others. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 11(3), 221-235. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-11-03-2010-B005
- Kihl, L.A., Skinner, J. & Engelberg, T. (2017). Corruption in sport: understanding the complexity of corruption. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1257553
- Lastra, R., Bell, P., & Bond, C. (2016). Sports Betting-Motivated Corruption in Australia: An Under-Studied Phenomenon. International Journal of Social Science Research, 4(1), 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijssr.v4i1.8563
- Lastra, R., Bell, P., & Bond, C. (2018). Sports betting and the integrity of Australian sport: Athletes’ and non-athletes’ perceptions of betting-motivated corruption in sport. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 52, 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2017.11.005
- Lee, P. C. (2017). Understanding the match-fixing scandals of professional baseball in Taiwan: An exploratory study of a Confucianism-oriented society. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(1), 45-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1225111
- Maennig, W. (2005). Corruption in international sports and sport management: Forms, tendencies, extent and countermeasures. European Sport Management Quarterly, 5(2), 187–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740500188821
- Mallaei, M., Salimi, A. (2019). Content Analysis of Media Coverage of Corruption in Iran’s Football: Case Study of TV Program 90. Communication Management in Sport Media, 7(2), 111-120. [in Persian]. https://sportmedia.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_6397.html?lang=en#:~:text=doi%3A%2010.30473/jsm.2020.49130.1355
- Mallaei, M. ., & Afroozeh, M. S. (2021). Identifying Causes of Tendency for Match-fixing using Human Resources and Strategies to Combat it in Sports. Human Resource Management in Sport Journal, 8(1), 145–161. [in Persian]. https://shm.shahroodut.ac.ir/article_1959_c20a27afbc877540bf9c8b343915ed20.pdf
- Manoli, A.E., & Antonopoulos, G.A. (2015). The only game in town?’ Football match-fixing in Greece. Trends in Organized Crime, 18, 196–211. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12117-014-9239-3
- Masters, A. (2015). Corruption in sport: From the playing field to the field of policy. Policy and Society, 34(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2015.04.002
- Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach. CA: Sage: Thousand Oaks.
- Mutschke, R. (2013). Preface: Match-Manipulation by Organized Crime Groups. In Springer (Ed.), Match-Fixing in International Sports: Existing Processes, Law Enforcement and Prevention Strategies. (pp.ix-xiii). New York. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-02582-7
- Nowy, T., & Breuer, C. (2017). Match-fixing in European grassroots football. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(1), 24–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2016.1193212
- Paradiso, E. (2014). Football, clientelism and corruption in Argentina: an anthropological inquiry. Soccer & Society, 17(4), 480-495. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.919269
- Poorfarahmand, B., Khabiri, M., Sajjadi, N., & Jalali Farahani, M. (2019). Qualitative Analysis of demographic factors affecting the incidence of deviant behaviors in Iranian Football Players. Organizational Behavior Management in Sport Studies, 6(1), 33–43. [in Persian]. https://doi.org/10.30473/fmss.2018.41493.1816
- Preston, I., & Szymanski, S. (2003). Cheating in contests. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 19(4), 612-624. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2014.919269
- Robertsa, S., Chadwickb, S. & Anagnostopoulosc, C. (2017). Sponsorship programmes and corruption in sport: management responses to a growing threat. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 26(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2017.1344292
- Scherer, C., & Cho, H. (2003). A social network contagion theory of risk perception. Risk Analysis, 23(2), 261–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/1539-6924.00306
- Taherkhani, S., & shafiee, S. (2021). Investigating factors affecting the occurrence of match-fix in Iranian football. Sport Management and Development, 10(3), 42–61. [in Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22124/jsmd.20212021.5069
- Tak, M., Sam, M. P., & Choi, C. H. (2020). Too much at stake to uphold sport integrity? High-performance athletes’ involvement in match-fixing. Crime, Law and Social Change, 1–18. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10611-020-09887-1.
)