zohreh karimi; ali mohammad safania; Ali Zarei; Hossein Poursoltani Zarandi; reza nikbakhsh
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this research is to provide a model of organizational resilience in Iranian sports organizations. Methodology: This research is a type of combined research. In the qualitative part, foundation data theory with Strauss and Corbin's approach is used, and in the quantitative part, ...
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Objective: The purpose of this research is to provide a model of organizational resilience in Iranian sports organizations. Methodology: This research is a type of combined research. In the qualitative part, foundation data theory with Strauss and Corbin's approach is used, and in the quantitative part, the survey method is used. The research community was university experts and senior and intermediate managers and experts with experience in the field of sports who participated in the interview process using a targeted sampling approach. With 20 people, the research reached information saturation and the theory was completed. Data analysis was done using Maxqda12 software in three stages of open coding, central coding and selective coding, and based on that, the qualitative research model was designed. Results: More than 300 initial concept codes were extracted from the interviews, which were reduced to 104 codes after refining the codes and getting credit, which are in the form of 34 concepts and 12 categories in the framework of the paradigm model, including organizational resilience as a central category and causal conditions (planning and implementation, causes political, legal reasons), background factors (economic reasons, management system), intervention conditions (social attitude, cultural reasons), strategies (financial actions, comprehensive approach) and consequences (reduction of financial losses, national and international successes, socio-cultural advantages) ) it placed. Finally, the obtained model was tested among the sports community of 384 people and after fitting the model, the final model of organizational resilience in Iranian sports organizations was obtained.
Sport Management and Development
MohammadAmin Sayadi; Negin Ahmadi; Iraj Mehdizadeh; Omid Fathullahi
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to Analysis of empowerment indicators for the sustainable development of sports halls using by green energy in west Azerbaijan province.Methodology: The research methodology was descriptive-analytical with qualitative approach. Statistical population was university professors ...
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Objective: This study aimed to Analysis of empowerment indicators for the sustainable development of sports halls using by green energy in west Azerbaijan province.Methodology: The research methodology was descriptive-analytical with qualitative approach. Statistical population was university professors specializing in sports management, civil engineering, architecture, and environmental sciences. Eleven individuals were selected as real samples for semi-structured interviews. The research instrument utilized was in-depth semi-structured interviews. To check the validity of the research, the respondent validation method was used and it was found that the comprehensive, organizing and main themes of the current research were consistent with the obtained conceptual model. The internal consistency of the research findings with the data collected by the central focus group was confirmed to evaluate the study's reliability.Results: The thematic analysis of this study was presented following a review and discussion with the central focus group members. The findings revealed that the most comprehensive themes of research, encompassed two themes: Software empowerment: encompassing human resource, education, attitude, economy and law and regulation. Hardware empowerment: encompassing physical, technological and environmental empowerment.Conclusion: To achieve the sports halls sustainable development with green energy, first of all, there is a need for specialized human resources that they should take action to change people's attitudes towards the optimal use of green energy in sports halls with technological knowledge and proper training. Subsequently, securing legal support is crucial to augmenting the quantity and quality of green energy utilization in these facilities.
Sport Economics, Marketing and Tourism
Samar Atta Jafar; Rahim Ramezani nejhad; Nooshin Benar
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of the present research was to present a smart sports tourism model in order to develop sustainable sports tourism in the Kurdistan Region based on structural modeling.Methodology: This research is quantitative in terms of implementation, applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey ...
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Objective: The purpose of the present research was to present a smart sports tourism model in order to develop sustainable sports tourism in the Kurdistan Region based on structural modeling.Methodology: This research is quantitative in terms of implementation, applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey type. The statistical population of the research included all tourists in the tourist areas of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq who were selected through purposeful and accessible sampling (223 people). For measurement, a researcher-made questionnaire with 71 items and a Likert scale scoring system were used, and SmartPLS version 4 software was used for data analysis and modeling.Results: The results showed that in the designed model of smart sports tourism, the requirements for the development of smart sports tourism (smart economy, smart society, smart governance, and smart technologies) with an impact coefficient of 0.932 had an impact on smart sports tourism services (smart nutrition, smart attraction, smart transportation, smart shopping, and smart payment) with an impact coefficient of 0.423 on the sustainable development of smart sports tourism, and the conceptual model of the research was confirmed.Conclusion: Implementing the requirements for smart tourism in all four macro-level areas, such as governance, society, economy, and technology, will lead to the development of sustainable sports tourism, and managers and responsible institutions must strengthen smart platforms in these sectors so that smart services in sports tourism can have an impact on the development of sports tourism.
Sport Development and Sustainable Development
Mohammad Sadegh Vaghar; Hamidreza Goharrostami; Rahim Ramzaninezhad
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to propose a framework for aligning sports development pathways by leveraging the capacities of sports organizations in Iran.Methodology: This qualitative research employed thematic analysis with the participation of 16 experienced sports management professors and managers. ...
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Objective: This study aims to propose a framework for aligning sports development pathways by leveraging the capacities of sports organizations in Iran.Methodology: This qualitative research employed thematic analysis with the participation of 16 experienced sports management professors and managers. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and systematic literature review. The validity and reliability of the data were confirmed through expert review and coder agreement.Findings: The analysis yielded 170 conceptual codes, 39 sub-themes, 11 main themes, and 5 overarching themes, including organizational capacity assessment, system capacity building, capacity utilization, development alignment, and sustainable capacity for sports development and peace. The results indicated that effective use of organizational capacities requires addressing challenges, adapting to environmental conditions, structural and managerial efficiency, systemic capacity identification, strategic interventions, and optimization of mechanisms.Conclusion: The study underscores the need for an integrated and purposeful approach to harness the diverse capacities of sports organizations to achieve sustainable development goals in Iranian sport. Without comprehensive capacity recognition and strategic utilization within theoretical and operational frameworks, such goals remain unattainable. The proposed model provides a practical tool for policymakers and sports managers to revise strategies, strengthen organizational infrastructures, and enhance cross-sectoral coordination, thereby facilitating sustainable sports development and promoting its national and international role.
Sport Economics, Marketing and Tourism
Yaghoub Mohamadi; Alireza Elahi; Hossein Akbari Yazdi
Abstract
Objective: In today’s competitive world, neuromarketing plays a prominent role in the sports industry as an innovative and effective tool for gaining deeper insights into consumer behavior. By combining neuroscience and psychology, this approach helps event organizers and sports organizations make ...
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Objective: In today’s competitive world, neuromarketing plays a prominent role in the sports industry as an innovative and effective tool for gaining deeper insights into consumer behavior. By combining neuroscience and psychology, this approach helps event organizers and sports organizations make smarter decisions in attracting fans, designing advertisements, and increasing public engagement. This study aims to review and analyze the content of research conducted in the field of neuromarketing in sports management. Methodology: Using content analysis of scientific documents, 25 articles published between 2014 and 2024 were reviewed. The search was conducted using relevant keywords in reputable databases, and the selected articles were analyzed based on methodology, authors, universities, and research tools.Results: The analysis reveals that the "Sports Management" journal has published the highest number of articles in this field. The Universities of Kurdistan, Allameh Tabataba'i, and Islamic Azad (Science and Research Branch) emerged as leading institutions. Over 50% of studies utilized EEG, while methods like eye-tracking and functional imaging saw more limited application. Additionally, three-author articles showed the highest frequency, with English-language citations dominating the references.Conclusion: The results suggest that neuromarketing research in sports management has mainly focused on EEG, while advanced neuroscience methods have been underutilized. Expanding interdisciplinary collaborations, investing in research equipment, increasing awareness among sports managers, and publishing articles in international journals can enhance the quality of research and expand this field.
Social Issues in Sport Management
Masumeh Fadaeidehcheshmeh; Seyed Reza Hosseini Nia; Mohammad Mahdi Rahmati; Hadi Bagheri
Abstract
Objective: The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of sport in women's identity formation in Iran.Methodology: This study was conducted using an exploratory mixed-methods approach. In the qualitative phase, a constructivist grounded theory approach (Charmaz) was employed, ...
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Objective: The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of sport in women's identity formation in Iran.Methodology: This study was conducted using an exploratory mixed-methods approach. In the qualitative phase, a constructivist grounded theory approach (Charmaz) was employed, while the quantitative phase utilized Fuzzy DANP, a technique within multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM). The qualitative sample included female athletes at amateur, championship, and professional levels, as well as national team coaches and academic experts in sports management and sociology specializing in women’s sports research, until theoretical saturation was reached. In the quantitative phase, 15 experts knowledgeable about women’s sports and professional female athletes were selected. The research instruments comprised semi-structured interviews for the qualitative phase and a Fuzzy DANP pairwise comparison questionnaire for the quantitative phase.Results: The analysis of 380 initial codes in this study resulted in 41 focused codes (concepts), which were ultimately reduced to 9 main categories. Eight of these primary categories were identified as influential factors in women’s identity formation and subsequently prioritized using the Fuzzy DANP pairwise comparison method. The results of the Fuzzy DANP analysis indicate that these factors do not have equal influence. Among them, the role of coaches (0.1317) emerged as the most influential factor in the identity formation process, followed by empowerment of women in other aspects of life through sports (0.1302), gender stereotypes (0.1293), and enhancement of women’s psychological strength through sports (0.1287). In contrast, factors such as overt gender discrimination (0.1269), gendered perspectives on sports disciplines (0.1212), obstacles created through regulations (0.1177), and low levels of women’s physical literacy (0.1141) ranked lower in terms of influence.Conclusion: The process of women’s identity formation through sports is primarily influenced by supportive and empowering factors, particularly the role of coaches, whereas structural barriers and gender-based discrimination exert a comparatively lesser impact. Therefore, strengthening the role of coaches, enhancing empowering sports opportunities, and reforming discriminatory policies can facilitate the identity development of women in the athletic context.
Sport Governance and Policy-Making
Fatemeh Hadipoor; Shahram Shafiee; Hossein Brakhas
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the political and economic consequences of women's presence in stadiums on the credibility of Iranian football with the mediating role of media flow and sports cultural diplomacy.Methodology: This research was descriptive-correlational ...
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Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of the political and economic consequences of women's presence in stadiums on the credibility of Iranian football with the mediating role of media flow and sports cultural diplomacy.Methodology: This research was descriptive-correlational in nature, applied in purpose, and conducted through a field study approach. The statistical population consisted of sports managers and experts, coaches, referees, athletes, and university faculty members. A sufficient sample size for modeling was selected non-randomly and conveniently and analyzed (101 individuals). The measurement tools included a questionnaire on political consequences (10 items), economic consequences (7 items), media flow (6 items), sports cultural diplomacy (6 items), and football credibility (14 items), based on a five-point Likert scale. The content and face validity of these tools were confirmed by experts in the fields of football, women's sports, and sports management professors (11 individuals), and composite reliability, construct validity, convergent validity, and divergent validity were established using factor analysis. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and SmartPLS 3 software.Results: The results indicated that the political and economic consequences of women's presence significantly affected media flow, sports cultural diplomacy, and the credibility of Iranian football. Media flow and sports cultural diplomacy had a significant effect on the credibility of Iranian football. Additionally, the Sobel test results demonstrated that the political and economic consequences significantly influenced the credibility of Iranian football through the mediating roles of media flow and sports cultural diplomacy.Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the credibility of Iranian football stems not only from sports performance but also from its ability to intelligently manage the social, political, and economic dimensions of women's presence, leverage media power, and employ active diplomacy. These synergistic factors contribute to consolidating and enhancing the position of this sport both nationally and globally.
Sport Development and Sustainable Development
Hasan Gholami Ghajari; Hamidreza Goharrostami
Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the stability-efficiency of competitiveness in elite sports of the Islamic Republic of Iran at the Summer Olympic Games.Methodology: This applied, descriptive-analytical study used a quantitative approach. The research population included all elite sports ...
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Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the stability-efficiency of competitiveness in elite sports of the Islamic Republic of Iran at the Summer Olympic Games.Methodology: This applied, descriptive-analytical study used a quantitative approach. The research population included all elite sports of Iran that won at least one medal in the Summer Olympic Games 2000-2024. Sampling was conducted census of medal-winning disciplines. Data were extracted from the official source, the Hall of Fame of the National Olympic Committee and the official website of the International Olympic Committee. Then, using researcher-developed metrics, the efficiency and stability of medal achievement were calculated, and a four-quadrant matrix was constructed to analyze the competitiveness of elite sports. The face and content validity of the researcher-developed metrics were confirmed by professors of sports management. Reliability was assessed and verified through a test-retest procedure.Results: Wrestling, Karate, and Taekwondo were positioned in the strategic elite competitiveness quadrant of the Stability-Efficiency matrix. Weightlifting was placed in the low-performing stable competitiveness quadrant, while shooting and athletics were classified under the low-performing unstable competitiveness quadrant.Conclusion: Although Wrestling and Taekwondo are located in the strategic elite competitiveness position, given rival investments, focus should first be on maintaining their current standing, then planning performance improvement in future editions. Karate requires international negotiation to return to the Olympics. Weightlifting is stable but low-performing; efficiency must improve to ensure stability does not decline in future editions. Shooting and athletics require fundamental revision of elite sport development programs to enhance competitiveness.
Sport Economics, Marketing and Tourism
Sadegh Fatahi Milasi; Nooshin Benar
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a localized and stage-based framework for analyzing and evaluating the digital transformation maturity of small and medium-sized sports enterprises (SMEs).Methodology: This research employed a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis approach ...
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Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a localized and stage-based framework for analyzing and evaluating the digital transformation maturity of small and medium-sized sports enterprises (SMEs).Methodology: This research employed a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis approach based on Sandelowski and Barroso’s (2007) seven-stage model. In this process, 32 scientific articles published between 2020 and 2025 were collected from reputable databases such as Scopus and Web of Science, based on specific criteria including publication language (English), time frame, type of scientific study, methodological approach (qualitative or quantitative), and focus on digital transformation in SMEs. The key dimensions and indicators of digital maturity were identified through qualitative content analysis and validated using the CASP tool and Cohen’s Kappa coefficient (0.873).Results: The proposed framework identifies five key dimensions: Strategy and Leadership, Processes, Technology and Infrastructure, Human Resources and Culture, and Ecosystem and External Environment, with 31 operational indicators. A five-level digital maturity model tailored for sports SMEs was developed, emphasizing practical assessment and actionable roadmaps for digital transformation.Conclusion: The framework provides a simple, actionable tool for sports SMEs to assess their digital maturity and plan strategic improvements, aligning with local constraints. It supports sustainable growth by addressing internal and external factors, offering a roadmap for policymakers and managers in developing countries.
Sport Management
Meimanat Abedini Baltork; Mozhgan Memarmoghaddam; Afsaneh Yanpi
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the planned and implemented curriculum of the undergraduate sports science major University of Mazandaran.Methodology: This research was designed quantitatively and followed the descriptive survey method. The statistical population included ...
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Objective: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the planned and implemented curriculum of the undergraduate sports science major University of Mazandaran.Methodology: This research was designed quantitatively and followed the descriptive survey method. The statistical population included 22 professors and 340 students of the Sport Sciences major at the University of Mazandaran in the academic year 2023-2024, respectively. To select the professors, the census sampling method was employed, and to select the students, Morgan's table and proportional stratified random sampling were used, resulting in the selection of 181 students to participate in the study. The research instruments included researcher-made questionnaires for professors and students, along with a quantitative classroom observation checklist. These tools were designed to assess both the intended and implemented curriculum, and their content validity was calculated as 89%. The reliability of the questionnaires, calculated using Cronbach's alpha, was as follows: for the intended curriculum, 0.97 (professors' questionnaire) and 0.90 (students' questionnaire); for the implemented curriculum, 0.96 (professors' questionnaire) and 0.83 (students' questionnaire. . The reliability of the observation tool using the coefficient of agreement was also obtained as 0.92. Descriptive statistics (percentage and frequency) and inferential statistics (dependent t-test and one-sample t-test) were used to analyze the collected data.Results The results showed that from the professors' perspective, there was a fundamental gap between the intended and implemented curriculum in all elements (goal, content, teaching-learning strategy, and evaluation). From the students' perspective, there was a gap between the intended and implemented curriculum in terms of goals, as well as in other elements (content, teaching-learning strategy, and evaluation. The results from classroom observation also indicated that there was no congruence between the implemented and intended curriculum.Conclusion: The existence of a gap between the intended and implemented curriculum shows that a revision of the curriculum is necessary to improve the quality of education in this field. Also, in order to realize the approved curricula, a set of factors is needed to reach the implementation stage properly.
Sport Economics, Marketing and Tourism
Mehdi Salimi; Amir Hossein Labbaf
Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to propose a comprehensive model of identity marketing in professional sports.Methodology: A mixed-methods design (qualitative–quantitative) was employed. In the qualitative phase, based on grounded theory (Glaser’s approach), data were collected through ...
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Objective: The present study aimed to propose a comprehensive model of identity marketing in professional sports.Methodology: A mixed-methods design (qualitative–quantitative) was employed. In the qualitative phase, based on grounded theory (Glaser’s approach), data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 17 university professors, experts, and sports marketing managers selected via theoretical sampling, and analyzed through open and selective coding. In the quantitative phase, the resulting model was validated and prioritized using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and a researcher-made pairwise comparison questionnaire, with the participation of 12 experts in sports marketing selected through purposive and criterion-based sampling.Results: The qualitative findings led to the identification of 84 final concepts organized into several theoretical categories that explained the key dimensions of identity marketing from the participants’ perspectives. These categories included audience-brand identity formation, brand–audience interaction in the digital context, brand identity construction, and contextual enablers of identity marketing. The quantitative analyses confirmed and prioritized these categories in the final model, with audience-brand identity formation identified as the most significant factor in identity marketing in professional sports.Conclusion: The proposed model demonstrates that identity marketing in professional sports goes beyond traditional approaches and requires a deep understanding of the psychological, social, and symbolic connections between the brand and its audience. Focusing on strengthening audience identity, increasing digital engagement, and constructing a strong and coherent brand identity can lead to sustainable audience connections, greater loyalty, and active participation.
Sport Governance and Policy-Making
Maryam Besharatimoghadam; Rahim Ramzaninejad; Mohammad Mahdi Rahmati
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this research was to explain the legitimizing functions of sport in the health domain.Methodology: The present study was conducted using a qualitative approach and thematic analysis. Required data were collected through a systematic search in reputable scientific databases and analyzed ...
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Objective: The aim of this research was to explain the legitimizing functions of sport in the health domain.Methodology: The present study was conducted using a qualitative approach and thematic analysis. Required data were collected through a systematic search in reputable scientific databases and analyzed in six stages (including familiarization with data, identification of keywords, coding, theme development, conceptualization, and developing a conceptual model). The validity and reliability of the research were confirmed through expert review in the field and using Cohen's Kappa coefficient (0.7).Results: The findings were organized into 9 main themes, indicating that the legitimizing functions of sport in the health domain are a complex construct of multiple factors. These themes were: Health as a socio-cultural construct; Healthy lifestyle through physical activity; Health in institutional contexts (education and leisure); Self-care and transcendence through sport; The medicalization of sport (with its legitimizing aspects and ethical challenges); Social and cultural dimensions of injury and pain; Physical activity as a health governance project; Sport and health as ideology; and Individual and social dimensions of health management.Conclusion: The legitimacy of sport in the health domain is a dual and multifaceted phenomenon. On the one hand, this legitimacy is reinforced through institutionalization, medical discourse, and health policymaking, transforming sport into an empowering tool for promoting individual and social health. On the other hand, this very process can become a mechanism for exerting social control, imposing cultural norms, reproducing inequalities, and creating ethical conflicts.
Sport Governance and Policy-Making
Mohsen Vahdani; Jamshid Jalilvand; Najmeh Rezasoltani
Abstract
Objective: Given the complexity of issues in physical education and student health and the multiplicity of stakeholders involved, shifting from traditional management models to participatory and network-based approaches is an unavoidable necessity. This study aimed to identify and explain strategies ...
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Objective: Given the complexity of issues in physical education and student health and the multiplicity of stakeholders involved, shifting from traditional management models to participatory and network-based approaches is an unavoidable necessity. This study aimed to identify and explain strategies for developing collaborative governance in the Deputy of Physical Education and Health of Iran’s Ministry of Education.
Methodology: This qualitative study employed reflective thematic analysis. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 20 managers, experts, academics, and specialists in the field of physical education and health within the Ministry of Education. Participants were purposively selected based on expertise criteria. Data analysis followed Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic analysis framework. To enhance trustworthiness, strategies such as triangulation, peer debriefing, and member checking were used.
Results: The analysis yielded 12 main themes and 138 sub-themes. The main themes included public relations and media development, knowledge management, strategic cooperation frameworks, participatory governance mechanisms, trust-building, technological infrastructure, legal frameworks, financial policymaking, structural flexibility, participatory culture, human resource empowerment, and performance monitoring systems.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that collaborative governance in the Deputy of Physical Education and Health requires a multidimensional and network-based approach that simultaneously addresses structural, institutional, technological, and cultural dimensions. This study can provide a basis for redesigning policies and strengthening inter-organizational cooperation in the field of student physical education and health.
Social Issues in Sport Management
Khdijeh Javanbakht; Mohammad Sadegh Afroozeh; Ebrahim Khoshnam; Hosein Dast Barhagh
Abstract
Objective: Many female athletes at some point feel that they have to make difficult decisions between Motherhood and continuing their sports career. Considering the growing trend of women's participation in championship sports and the simultaneous maternal expectations from them, this article examined ...
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Objective: Many female athletes at some point feel that they have to make difficult decisions between Motherhood and continuing their sports career. Considering the growing trend of women's participation in championship sports and the simultaneous maternal expectations from them, this article examined the challenges and facilitators of the motherhood process in Iranian sports.Methodology: This research was conducted based on a qualitative approach and using thematic analysis. Participants included female athletes and experts in the field, with whom 11 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data analysis was conducted in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding.Results: Data analysis led to the identification of 104 basic themes. Also, overarching themes including legalism, lifestyle, protectionism, Risk-taking, maternal biology, Financial capability, common discourses, multiple identities, and value were identified, which were divided into three sections: before, during, and after pregnancy.Conclusion: It seems that policies and governance in women's sports should be proportionate to the four dimensions of context, opportunity, expectations and actions from the perspective of Iranian female athletes in the three stages before, during and after pregnancy. The interpretation of actions should be proportionate to the characteristics of the athlete, the structure of women's sports and clubs. In this regard, in addition to efforts to improve the cultural situation of athletes' motherhood, it is necessary to support and educate women, clubs and society in all three stages.
Innovation and Technology in Sport
SeyedReza Hosseini; Amin Khatibi; Tahereh Azmsha
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to analyze the attitudes of fans and referees toward the implementation of the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) in the Iranian Football Pro League.
Methodology: This study was applied in terms of its purpose and employed a descriptive-survey design for data collection. The statistical ...
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Objective: This study aimed to analyze the attitudes of fans and referees toward the implementation of the Video Assistant Referee (VAR) in the Iranian Football Pro League.
Methodology: This study was applied in terms of its purpose and employed a descriptive-survey design for data collection. The statistical population comprised two groups: the fan group included all supporters of Iranian Pro League teams during the 2023–2024 season, aged 11 to 58 years; the referee group comprised all referees certified by the Football Federation, aged 18 to 63 years. Using random sampling, 224 fans and 121 referees were selected to complete the questionnaire. The research questionnaire was developed based on the findings of previous studies and, following the confirmation of face and content validity by experts and reliability through Cronbach’s alpha test (α=0.738), was distributed electronically among the research population. After examining the data distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were applied for data analysis, using SPSS software.
Results: The overall mean attitude of fans toward the use of VAR was significantly more favorable than that of referees (P<0.05). This difference in attitude was more pronounced in two factors: match quality and attractiveness, and the future prospects of the VAR system.
Conclusion: In general, it can be stated that although both groups hold a positive attitude toward the use of VAR, fans possess a more favorable perspective on this technology. One possible reason for the referees’ lower level of enthusiasm may be the loss of control and decisiveness in decision-making, as they are sometimes compelled to reverse their initial on-field call. Factors contributing to the greater interest among fans include the inherent suspense in the review process and its unpredictability, which can instantly alter the outcome of a match.
