نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت ورزش، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
2 دانشیار مدیریت ورزش، گروه مدیریت ورزشی، دانشکده علوم ورزشی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران
3 استادیار مدیریت ورزش، دانشگاه حلبچه، حلپچه، عراق
چکیده
هدف: هدف از این پژوهش ارائه چارچوب و تحلیل همگرایی بین کشورها در حوزه ورزش به صورت موردی برای عراق و ایران بود.
روش‌شناسی: روش پژوهش از نوع آمیخته کیفی (تحلیل مضمون) و کمی (توصیفی-تحلیلی) بود. در بخش کیفی نمونه شامل صاحب‌نظران علمی (مدیریت ورزشی دانشگاه‌ها) و صاحب‌نظران اجرایی (سازمان‌های ورزشی ملی) به روش قضاوتی (اشباع نظری) از دو کشور انتخاب شد (16 نفر). در بخش کمی نیز از صاحب‌نظران خبره و مطلع ورزش دو کشور (با تأکید بر تسلط و سابقه بین دو کشور) به روش هدفمند نظر خواهی شد (32 نفر = تعداد قابل کفایت برای تحلیل راهبردی 20 تا 60 نفر). ابزار پژوهش در بخش کیفی شامل مصاحبه نیمه هدایت شده به همراه مطالعه کتابخانه‌ای ساختارمند (25 منبع) بود. در بخش کمی نیز از پرسشنامه مستخرج از بخش کیفی (21 سوال با مقیاس 10 گزینه‌ای) استفاده شد.
یافته‌ها: یافته‌ها نشان داد که چارچوب ارزیابی همگرایی بین کشورهای عراق و ایران در حوزه ورزش شامل 58 کد اولیه، 16 مضمون فرعی و 5 مضمون اصلی (سیاسی و ساختاری، اجرایی و رویدادی، اقتصادی و صنعتی، علمی و آموزشی و فرهنگی و اجتماعی ورزش) است. نتایج بخش کمی نشان داد که در سطح منظرهای اصلی؛ بیشترین شکاف مربوط به همگرایی اجرایی و رویدادی ورزشی (77/4) و کمترین شکاف مربوط به همگرایی علمی و آموزشی ورزش (97/3) است.
نتیجه‌گیری: مبتنی بر نتایج این پژوهش، بر چارچوب همگرایی بین دو کشور با تاکید بر حوزه ورزش تمرکز شود.
تازه های تحقیق
Allen Pigman, G., & Simon Rofe, J. (2014). Sport and diplomacy: an introduction1. Sport in Society, 17(9), 1095-1097. [https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2013.856612]
Baker, R. E., Jackson, S., & Sam, M. (2017). Case studies in sport diplomacy. C. Esherick (Ed.). FiT Publishing, a division of the International Center for Performance Excellence. [Link]
Bakhshi chenari, A. R., godarzi, M., sajjadi, S. N., & Jalali Farahani, M. (2021). Identify and Prioritize the Effective Factors of Sport Diplomacy Development in Islamic Republic of Iran’s Foreign Policy. Sport Management and Development, 10(1), 130-140. [https://doi.org/10.22124/jsmd.2021.5046]
Berg, B. K. (2021). The Immense Potential of Sport Diplomacy. Findings in Sport, Hospitality, Entertainment, and Event Management, 1(1), 6. [Link]
Berkhout, F., Wieczorek, A. J., & Raven, R. (2011). Avoiding environmental convergence: a possible role for sustainability experiments in latecomer countries?. Institutions and Economies, 367-385. [Link]
Berry, H., Guillén, M. F., & Hendi, A. S. (2014). Is there convergence across countries? A spatial approach. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(4), 387-404. [Link]
Borsi, M. T., & Metiu, N. (2015). The evolution of economic convergence in the European Union. Empirical Economics, 48(2), 657-681. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-014-0801-2]
Briceño, A. J. H., de Hurtado, S. Z., & Mora, J. U. M. (2021). Economic and commercial convergence in Latin America. How are these countries doing so far? Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 57, 239-250. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.012]
Chen, Y. (2021). New Development of Turkey-Iran Relations from the Perspective of Eurasianism. In The Geopolitics of Iran (pp. 553-566). Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. [Link]
Ciomaga, B. (2015). Convergence challenges in sport-related applied disciplines: The case of sport management. Quest, 67(3), 300-316. [https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2015.1048374]
Eydi, H., Rahmati asl, Z., & Soltanian, L. (2023). Strategies and Consequences of Branding International Success of Elite Athletes in Sporting Events, Journal of Management and development in sports, 13(39), 51-76. [https://doi.org/10.22124/jsmd.2022.21491.2651] [In Persian]
Eslami, M., Bazrafshan, M., & Sedaghat, M. (2021). Shia Geopolitics or Religious Tourism? Political Convergence of Iran and Iraq in the Light of Arbaeen Pilgrimage. In the Geopolitics of Iran (pp. 363-385). [link] [In Persian]
Franks, M. J. R., Barkbu, M. B. B., Blavy, M. R., Oman, W., & Schoelermann, H. (2018). Economic convergence in the Euro area: coming together or drifting apart? International Monetary Fund. [link]
Guriev, S., & Melnikov, N. (2018). Happiness convergence in transition countries. Journal of Comparative Economics, 46(3), 683-707. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2018.07.003]
Houlihan, B. (2012). Sport policy convergence: a framework for analysis. European sport management quarterly, 12(2), 111-135. [https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2012.669390]
Kelishomi, M. A., & Nistico, R. (2021). Employment Effects of Economic Sanctions in Iran (No. 14814). Institute of Labor Economics (IZA). [Link]
Khavari, S., Mirjalili, S. (2018). Convergence and Divergence Between Developing and Developed States. International Relations Research, 8(1), 7-40. [Link][In Persian]
Kuc-Czerep, M. (2017). Social convergence in Nordic countries at regional level. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 12(1), 25-41.[https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.v12i1.2]
Kurbanov, R. (2016). The Modern Trends of the Regional Integration and Eurasian Law. International Studies Journal (ISJ), 13(2), 79-119. [Link] [In Persian]
Lopez-Gonzalez, H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Understanding the convergence of markets in online sports betting. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 53(7), 807-823. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690216680602]
Maryam, Kh., & Jehan, Z. (2018). Total factor productivity convergence in developing countries: role of technology diffusion. South African Journal of Economics, 86(2), 247-262. [https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12189]
Marzooq, A., & Kamil, A. (2021). Analysis of Turkey and China's Economic Partnerships with Iraq In Trade Exchanges. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 11(10), 390-399. [Link]
McLeod, J., & Shilbury, D. (2020). A content analysis of governance convergence in Indian sport. The International Journal of Sport Management, 21(1), 26-53. [Link]
Menke, M., Kinnebrock, S., Kretzschmar, S., Aichberger, I., Broersma, M., Hummel, R., ... & Salaverría, R. (2018). Convergence Culture in European Newsrooms: Comparing editorial strategies for cross-media news production in six countries. Journalism Studies, 19(6), 881-904. [https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1232175]
Monfort, M., Cuestas, J.C., & Ordonez, J. (2013). Real convergence in Europe: A cluster analysis. Economic Modelling, 33, 689-694. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.05.015]
Nyikana, S., & Tichaawa, T.M. (2020). Revisiting sport and tourism interrelationships: The case of Cameroon. Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 29(2), 756-771. [https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.29229-504]
Ozturk, A., Cavusgil, S.T., & Ozturk, O.C. (2021). Consumption convergence across countries: Measurement, antecedents, and consequences. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(1), 105-120. [https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00334-w]
Paprotny, D. (2021). Convergence between developed and developing countries: a centennial perspective. Social Indicators Research, 153(1), 193-225. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02488-4]
Park, S.R., Choi, D.Y., & Hong, P. (2015). Club convergence and factors of digital divide across countries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 96, 92-100. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.02.011]
Petrović, P., & Matić, M.G. (2023). Manufacturing productivity in the EU: Why have Central and Eastern European countries converged and Southern EU countries have not? Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 65, 166-183. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2023.02.012]
Rajkiewicz, M. (2021). Successes and failures of football diplomacy. a match between the USA and Iran as part of the World Cup in 1998 and the Palestinian-Israeli diplomatic mission of the FIFA president. Soccer & Society, 1-12. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2021.1952994]
Ratten, V., da Silva Braga, V.L., & da Encarnação Marques, C. S. (2021). Sport entrepreneurship and value co-creation in times of crisis: The covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Research, 133, 265-274. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.05.001]
Shen, W., Liu-Lastres, B., Pennington-Gray, L., Hu, X., & Liu, J. (2019). Industry convergence in rural tourism development: a China-featured term or a new initiative? Current Issues in Tourism, 22(20), 2453-2457. [https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1532396]
Tian, M. (2016). Evaluation of influence factors on Asian sports industrial strength. International Journal of Simulation: Systems, Science and Technology, 17(39), 7.1-7.5. [Link]
Trunkos, J., & Heere, B. (2017). Sport diplomacy: A review of how sports can be used to improve international relationships. Case studies in sport diplomacy, 1-18. [Link]
Turturean, C.I., Chirilă, C., & Chirilă, V. (2022). The Convergence in the Sustainability of the Economies of the European Union Countries between 2006 and 2016. Sustainability, 14(16), 10115. [https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610115]
Xu, K., Mei, R., Liang, L., & Sun, W. (2023). Regional convergence analysis of sustainable innovation efficiency in European Union countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 325, 116636. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116636]
Yamashita, N. (2021). Economic crisis and innovation capacity of Japan: Evidence from cross-country patent citations. Tec Novation 101, 102208. [https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu08.2022.306]
Yuan, J., Zhou, Y., & Liu, Y. (2022). Convergence Evaluation of Sports and Tourism Industries in Urban Agglomeration of Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area and Its Spatial-Temporal Evolution. Sustainability, 14(16), 10350. [https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610350]
Zolfaghari, M., Kabiri, M., & Saadatmanesh, H. (2020). Impact of socio-economic infrastructure investments on income inequality in Iran. Journal of Policy Modeling, 42(5), 1146-1168. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.02.004] [In Persian]
کلیدواژه‌ها
عنوان مقاله [English]
Providing a framework and analysis of the convergence between countries in the field of sports; study of Iran and Iraq
نویسندگان [English]
- ahmed kareem mohammed 1
- Hossein Eydi 2
- Shirin Zardoshtian 2
- Homayoun Abbasi 2
- Ako Ibrahim 3
1 PhD student in Sports Management, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
2 Associate Professor of Sports Management, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
3 Assistant Professor of Sports Management, Halbjah University, Halbjah, Iraq
چکیده [English]
Objective: The purpose of this research was to present framework and analysis of convergence between countries in the field of sports and study Iraq and Iran.
Methodology: The research method was a mixed qualitative (thematic analysis) and quantitative (descriptive-analytical) type. In the qualitative part, the sample including academic experts (university sports management) and executive experts (national sports organizations) was selected from two countries (16 people) by judgment method (theoretical saturation). In the quantitative part, experts and experts in the sport of the two countries (with emphasis on the dominance and experience between the two countries) will be consulted in a targeted way (25 people = a sufficient number for strategic analysis of 20 to 60 people). The research tool in the qualitative part included a semi-guided interview along with a structured library study (25 documents). In the quantitative section, a questionnaire extracted from the qualitative section (21 questions with a scale of 10 options) was used.
Results: The findings showed that the evaluation framework of the convergence between Iraq and Iran in the field of sports includes 58 indicators, 16 dimensions and 5 general perspectives (political and structural, executive and event, economic and industrial, scientific and educational, cultural and social of sports). The results of the quantitative section showed that at the level of the main landscapes; The largest gap is related to the convergence of executive and sports events (4.77) and the lowest gap is related to the scientific and educational convergence of sports (3.97).
Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be said that the convergence of the two countries of Iraq and Iran in the field of sports can be evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively based on indicators and implementation examples.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- regional convergence
- convergence model
- sports convergence
- Iranian sports
- Iraqi sports
Allen Pigman, G., & Simon Rofe, J. (2014). Sport and diplomacy: an introduction1. Sport in Society, 17(9), 1095-1097. [https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2013.856612]
Baker, R. E., Jackson, S., & Sam, M. (2017). Case studies in sport diplomacy. C. Esherick (Ed.). FiT Publishing, a division of the International Center for Performance Excellence. [Link]
Bakhshi chenari, A. R., godarzi, M., sajjadi, S. N., & Jalali Farahani, M. (2021). Identify and Prioritize the Effective Factors of Sport Diplomacy Development in Islamic Republic of Iran’s Foreign Policy. Sport Management and Development, 10(1), 130-140. [https://doi.org/10.22124/jsmd.2021.5046]
Berg, B. K. (2021). The Immense Potential of Sport Diplomacy. Findings in Sport, Hospitality, Entertainment, and Event Management, 1(1), 6. [Link]
Berkhout, F., Wieczorek, A. J., & Raven, R. (2011). Avoiding environmental convergence: a possible role for sustainability experiments in latecomer countries?. Institutions and Economies, 367-385. [Link]
Berry, H., Guillén, M. F., & Hendi, A. S. (2014). Is there convergence across countries? A spatial approach. Journal of International Business Studies, 45(4), 387-404. [Link]
Borsi, M. T., & Metiu, N. (2015). The evolution of economic convergence in the European Union. Empirical Economics, 48(2), 657-681. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-014-0801-2]
Briceño, A. J. H., de Hurtado, S. Z., & Mora, J. U. M. (2021). Economic and commercial convergence in Latin America. How are these countries doing so far? Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 57, 239-250. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.03.012]
Chen, Y. (2021). New Development of Turkey-Iran Relations from the Perspective of Eurasianism. In The Geopolitics of Iran (pp. 553-566). Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. [Link]
Ciomaga, B. (2015). Convergence challenges in sport-related applied disciplines: The case of sport management. Quest, 67(3), 300-316. [https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2015.1048374]
Eydi, H., Rahmati asl, Z., & Soltanian, L. (2023). Strategies and Consequences of Branding International Success of Elite Athletes in Sporting Events, Journal of Management and development in sports, 13(39), 51-76. [https://doi.org/10.22124/jsmd.2022.21491.2651] [In Persian]
Eslami, M., Bazrafshan, M., & Sedaghat, M. (2021). Shia Geopolitics or Religious Tourism? Political Convergence of Iran and Iraq in the Light of Arbaeen Pilgrimage. In the Geopolitics of Iran (pp. 363-385). [link] [In Persian]
Franks, M. J. R., Barkbu, M. B. B., Blavy, M. R., Oman, W., & Schoelermann, H. (2018). Economic convergence in the Euro area: coming together or drifting apart? International Monetary Fund. [link]
Guriev, S., & Melnikov, N. (2018). Happiness convergence in transition countries. Journal of Comparative Economics, 46(3), 683-707. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2018.07.003]
Houlihan, B. (2012). Sport policy convergence: a framework for analysis. European sport management quarterly, 12(2), 111-135. [https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2012.669390]
Kelishomi, M. A., & Nistico, R. (2021). Employment Effects of Economic Sanctions in Iran (No. 14814). Institute of Labor Economics (IZA). [Link]
Khavari, S., Mirjalili, S. (2018). Convergence and Divergence Between Developing and Developed States. International Relations Research, 8(1), 7-40. [Link][In Persian]
Kuc-Czerep, M. (2017). Social convergence in Nordic countries at regional level. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 12(1), 25-41.[https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.v12i1.2]
Kurbanov, R. (2016). The Modern Trends of the Regional Integration and Eurasian Law. International Studies Journal (ISJ), 13(2), 79-119. [Link] [In Persian]
Lopez-Gonzalez, H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2018). Understanding the convergence of markets in online sports betting. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 53(7), 807-823. [https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690216680602]
Maryam, Kh., & Jehan, Z. (2018). Total factor productivity convergence in developing countries: role of technology diffusion. South African Journal of Economics, 86(2), 247-262. [https://doi.org/10.1111/saje.12189]
Marzooq, A., & Kamil, A. (2021). Analysis of Turkey and China's Economic Partnerships with Iraq In Trade Exchanges. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 11(10), 390-399. [Link]
McLeod, J., & Shilbury, D. (2020). A content analysis of governance convergence in Indian sport. The International Journal of Sport Management, 21(1), 26-53. [Link]
Menke, M., Kinnebrock, S., Kretzschmar, S., Aichberger, I., Broersma, M., Hummel, R., ... & Salaverría, R. (2018). Convergence Culture in European Newsrooms: Comparing editorial strategies for cross-media news production in six countries. Journalism Studies, 19(6), 881-904. [https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1232175]
Monfort, M., Cuestas, J.C., & Ordonez, J. (2013). Real convergence in Europe: A cluster analysis. Economic Modelling, 33, 689-694. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.05.015]
Nyikana, S., & Tichaawa, T.M. (2020). Revisiting sport and tourism interrelationships: The case of Cameroon. Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 29(2), 756-771. [https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.29229-504]
Ozturk, A., Cavusgil, S.T., & Ozturk, O.C. (2021). Consumption convergence across countries: Measurement, antecedents, and consequences. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(1), 105-120. [https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00334-w]
Paprotny, D. (2021). Convergence between developed and developing countries: a centennial perspective. Social Indicators Research, 153(1), 193-225. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02488-4]
Park, S.R., Choi, D.Y., & Hong, P. (2015). Club convergence and factors of digital divide across countries. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 96, 92-100. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.02.011]
Petrović, P., & Matić, M.G. (2023). Manufacturing productivity in the EU: Why have Central and Eastern European countries converged and Southern EU countries have not? Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 65, 166-183. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2023.02.012]
Rajkiewicz, M. (2021). Successes and failures of football diplomacy. a match between the USA and Iran as part of the World Cup in 1998 and the Palestinian-Israeli diplomatic mission of the FIFA president. Soccer & Society, 1-12. [https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2021.1952994]
Ratten, V., da Silva Braga, V.L., & da Encarnação Marques, C. S. (2021). Sport entrepreneurship and value co-creation in times of crisis: The covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Research, 133, 265-274. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.05.001]
Shen, W., Liu-Lastres, B., Pennington-Gray, L., Hu, X., & Liu, J. (2019). Industry convergence in rural tourism development: a China-featured term or a new initiative? Current Issues in Tourism, 22(20), 2453-2457. [https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1532396]
Tian, M. (2016). Evaluation of influence factors on Asian sports industrial strength. International Journal of Simulation: Systems, Science and Technology, 17(39), 7.1-7.5. [Link]
Trunkos, J., & Heere, B. (2017). Sport diplomacy: A review of how sports can be used to improve international relationships. Case studies in sport diplomacy, 1-18. [Link]
Turturean, C.I., Chirilă, C., & Chirilă, V. (2022). The Convergence in the Sustainability of the Economies of the European Union Countries between 2006 and 2016. Sustainability, 14(16), 10115. [https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610115]
Xu, K., Mei, R., Liang, L., & Sun, W. (2023). Regional convergence analysis of sustainable innovation efficiency in European Union countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 325, 116636. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116636]
Yamashita, N. (2021). Economic crisis and innovation capacity of Japan: Evidence from cross-country patent citations. Tec Novation 101, 102208. [https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu08.2022.306]
Yuan, J., Zhou, Y., & Liu, Y. (2022). Convergence Evaluation of Sports and Tourism Industries in Urban Agglomeration of Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area and Its Spatial-Temporal Evolution. Sustainability, 14(16), 10350. [https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610350]
Zolfaghari, M., Kabiri, M., & Saadatmanesh, H. (2020). Impact of socio-economic infrastructure investments on income inequality in Iran. Journal of Policy Modeling, 42(5), 1146-1168. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2020.02.004] [In Persian]
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