نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار مدیریت ورزشی، دانشگاه جهرم

چکیده

هدف: هر جامعه علاوه بر دو نوع جنس مرد و زن شامل بخش­های دیگری است که دچار اختلالات جنسی هستند که بر مشارکت آنان در ورزش موثر می­باشد، بنابراین هدف این تحقیق شناسایی موانع مشارکت افراد تراجنسیتی در ورزش است.
روش‌شناسی: این تحقیق به روش کیفی و به شیوه گلیسر استفاده شد که شامل دو بخش بود. بخش اول شامل مصاحبه­های نیمه ساختار یافته­ با (13 = n نفر) از افراد با مشکلات جنسیتی و آفراد آگاه در این حوزه بود که داده­ها با روش استقرای منطقی در طی سه مرحله کدگذاری باز، محوری و گزینشی تحلیل شد. بخش دوم مطالعه نیز شامل اولویت­بندی نتایج به روش ISM بود که توسط نخبگان صورت گرفت.
یافته‌ها: نتایج کدگذاری نشان داد که نه مولفه و 19 مقوله حاصل مصاحبه­ها بود که شامل شرم بدنی، هراس پوشش در قالب مولفه خود پنداره بدنی، مقوله­های پذیرش اجتماعی، داغ ننگ و طرد اجتماعی در قالب مولفه هراس اجتماعی، دغدغه آینده و مشکلات مالی در قالب مولفه امنیت اقتصاد، مشاوره و زیرساخت در قالب توسعه فنی، رواج خشونت و تبعیض در قالب بی­عدالتی، مقولات توهم، آگاهی و بی تجربگی در قالب پیش فرض­های ذهنی، مقولات انحراف و جداسازی در قالب مولفه سبک های رفتاری مربیان، اعتماد به نفس، فرار اجتماعی و انگیزه در قالب مولفه حقارت اجتماعی و رسانه و قوانین در قالب مولفه ابزارهای اجتماعی بود. در نهایت نیز در کدگذاری گزینشی چهار بخش شامل خود، ورزش، اقتصاد و جامعه دربرگیرنده موانع مشارکت تراجنسیتی ها شناسایی شدند.
نتیجه‌گیری: با توجه به شناسایی مولفه­های متنوع به عنوان موانع مشارکت در چهار بخش خود، ورزش، ساختار و جامعه بنطر می­رسد اولویت در اصلاحات رفتاری و فرهنگی از بخش اجتماع باشد که پیشنهاد می­گردد بخش­های آموزش جامعه مانند رسانه­ها، آموزش پرورش و نیز دانشگاه­ها به این فرهنگ سازی و بهبود مشارکت کمک نمایند.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Identifying Barriers to Transgender People's Participation in Sport (Grounded Theory Approach)

نویسنده [English]

  • mohammad sadegh afroozeh

Assistant Professor of Jahrom University

چکیده [English]

Objective: Each community, except for the two sexes, includes other segments that have sex disorders that affect their participation in sport, so the purpose of this study was to identify barriers to transgender participation.
Methodology: This study was conducted by qualitative method and using Glaser method which consisted of two parts. The first part consisted of semi-structured interviews with (n = 13) gender-aware individuals and individuals in the field. Data were analyzed using logical induction method during three stages of open, axial and selective coding. The second part of the study also included the prioritization of results by the SEM method conducted by the elite.
Results: The coding results showed that there were nine components and 19 categories of interviews that included body shame, fear of covering in the form of physical self-concept, categories of social acceptance, hot stigma and social exclusion in the form of social phobia, future concerns and problems Finance in the form of economic security, consulting and infrastructure in the form of technical development, prevalence of violence and discrimination in the form of injustice, delusions, awareness and inexperience in the form of mental defaults, deviation and segregation in the form of behavioral styles. Educators, self-esteem, social escape, and motivation in the context of social and media inferiority and the rules in the form of social media tools. It was fluid. Finally, in the selective coding of four sections including self, sport, economics, and society, barriers to transgender participation were identified.
Conclusion: Considering the identification of diverse components as barriers to participation in its four sectors, sport, structure and society seem to be a priority in behavioral and cultural reform of the social sector, which suggests that community education sectors such as media ، Contribute to this culture and improve participation.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Transgender
  • Sport Participation
  • Foundation Data
  • Gender Identity
  • Sport
Afshari, R (2004). Coping Strategies and Mental Health of Mothers of Autistic Children, PhD Thesis, University of Social Welfare (Persian)
Ahmadnia, S (2005). Sociology of Body and Female Body, Women's Chapter, No. 5, pp. 132-143 (Persian)
Anderson, E. (2002). Openly gay athletes: Contesting hegemonic masculinity in a homophobic environment. Gender & Society, 16, 860–877.
Anderson E, Travers A. (2000) Transgender Athletes in Competitive Sport: Sexing the body: Gender politics and the construction of sexuality: Basic Books
Asgari, M, Saberi, M, Rezaei, O, Dolat Shahi, B (2007). Prevalence of Psychological Injuries in Patients with Gender Identity Disorder Journal of Forensic Medicine, No. 3, vol 47 (Persian)
Banet-Weiser S, Portwood-Stacer L. (2006) ‘I just want to be me again!’ Beauty pageants, reality television and post-feminism. Feminist Theory.;7(2):255-72.
Bianchi, A. (2017). Transgender women in sport. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 44(2), 229–242. doi:10.1080/00948705.2017.1317602 
Bianchi, A (2019) something’s Got to Give: Reconsidering the Justification for a Gender Divide in Sport, Philosophies 2019, 4, 23; doi: 10.3390/philosophies4020023.
Bovone, L. (2006)," Urban style cultures and urban cultural production in Milan": Postmodern identity and the transformation of fashion
Cancian FM. Love in America: Gender and self-development: Cambridge University Press; 1990.
Krane V. Sport for LGBT athletes. Routledge international handbook of sport psychology. 2016:238.
Cockerham, W. C. (2001). The Blackwell Companion to Medical Sociology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Coggon, J., Hammond, N., & Holm, S. (2008). Transsexuals in Sport–Fairness and Freedom, Regulation and Law. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 2(1), 4–17. doi:10.1080/17511320801896091 
Czajkowski SM  (1998) Health-related quality of life outcomes in clinical research: NHLBI policy and perspectives. The Annals of thoracic surgery ;66(4):1486-7.
Collins PH. Prisons for our bodies, closets for our minds: Racism, heterosexism, and Black sexuality: na; 2004.
Douglas DD, Jamieson KM. A farewell to remember: Interrogating the Nancy Lopez farewell tour. Sociology of Sport Journal. 2006;23(2):117-41.
Elling-Machartzki, A. (2015). Extraordinary body-self narratives: sport and physical activity in the lives of transgender people. Leisure Studies, 36(2), 256–268. doi:10.1080/02614367.2015.1128474 
Ellison, J. (2012). “Caster Semenya and the IOC’s Olympics Gender Bender.” The Daily Beast, July 26. Accessed March 10, 2016. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/07/26/ caster-semenya-and-the-ioc-s-olympics-gender-bender.html
Falah, S, Dolatian, M. Saberi, M. Alavi, H. Jaberi, A. Mahmoudi, Z (2016). Correlation of Social Support with Sexual Functioning in Men with Sexual Identity Disorder after Gender Change Surgery, Health Promotion Management: Volume 5, Number 4, pp. 16-7 (Persian)
Ganetz, H. (1995)"The sociololoy of Yoth",Ormskrik:Causeway press
Giddens, A. (2003). Individualism and Modernity, Nasser Mofeghian's translation, Ney Publishing (Persian)
Gillepsie, K. (2016). “IOC’s Gender Stance ‘Insensitive and Harmful’ to Athletes.” The Toronto Star, February 23. Accessed March 10, 2016. http://www.thestar.com/sports/ amateur/2016/02/23/iocs-stand-on-masculine-women-insensitive-and-harmful.html
Goffman, I (1975) Hot Shame, translated by Massoud Kianpour, 2007, Center Publication (Persian)
Griffin, P. (1998). Strong women, deep closets. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Giddens A. Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age: Stanford University press
Griffin P, Carroll HJ. (2010) on the team: Equal opportunity for transgender student athletes: NCLR, National Center for Lesbian Rights
Hargie, O. D., Mitchell, D. H., & Somerville, I. J. (2015). “People have a knack of making you feel excluded if they catch on to your difference”: Transgender experiences of exclusion in sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 52(2), 223–239. doi:10.1177/1012690215583283
Harry, J. (1995). Sports ideology, attitudes toward women, and anti-homosexual, and anti-homosexual attitudes. Sex Roles, 32, 109–116.
Jewelery, Fa. Hosseinzadeh (Kassmani), M (2011). The Social Consequences of Sexual Identity Disorder: An Investigation of Social Capital and Quality of Life for Gender-Change Change in Iran, Iranian Journal of Social Studies, Volume 5, Number 3, pp. 3-22 (Persian)
Jones, B. A., Arcelus, J., Bouman, W. P., & Haycraft, E. (2017). Barriers and facilitators of physical activity and sport participation among young transgender adults who are medically transitioning. International Journal of Transgenderism, 18(2), 227–238. doi:10.1080/15532739.2017.1293581 
Johnson, K. (2007). Changing sex, changing self: Theorizing transitions in embodied subjectivity. Men and Masculinities, 10, 54–70
Kahani, A. Fakhri, P (2002). Transsexual Barley Sexual Disorders, Timur Publishing, First Edition, Tehran, pp. 86 (Persian)
Karkazis, K., Jordan-Young, R., Davis, G., & Camporesi, S. (2012). Out of bounds? A critique of the new policies on hyperandrogenism in elite female athletes. The American Journal of Bioethics, 12, 3–16.
Levey, R., & Curfman, W.C. (2004). Sexual and Gender Identity Disorder. Science, 30(6), 1034-1037
Magrath, R  (2019) Progress … Slowly, but Surely”: The Sports Media Workplace, Gay Sports Journalists, and LGBT Media Representation in Sport , Journalism Studies, vol 20, no 13,
Mansfield T, (2012). Gender Differences in Body-Esteem, Body Dissatisfaction and the Effects the Medias Thin Ideal, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the bachelor of arts degree. Psychogy Speciation at DBS school of ARTS,Dublin.
Movahed, M. Kassani, M (2011) The Relationship between Sexual Identity Disorder and Quality of Life, Social Welfare, Volume 12, Number 24, pp. 144-11 (Persian)
Momeni, J, M. Kazemi Radius, M (2011). Comparison of Personality Characteristics of Patients with Sexual Identity Disorder and Normal People, Social Research, Volume 4, Number 3, pp. 81-94 (Persian)
Pitts, M. K., Couch, M., Mulcare, H., Croy, S., Mitchell, A. (2009). Transgender People in Australia and New Zealand: Health, Well-being and Access to Health Services, Feminism & Psychology, Vol. 19, No.
4, 475-495.
Puar JK. (2005) Queer times, queer assemblages. Social text. 23(3-4 (84-85)):121-39.
Ramazan Khani, F. (2003). Sexual identity and its role in sexual disorders. Youth Studies Quarterly. No. 6 (Persian)
Sadock B, Sadock V.(2003) Human sexuality. Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry, 8th ed Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. 2003:718-28.
Sartore-Baldwin, M. (2012). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Athletes in Sport. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education, 6(1), 141–152. doi:10.1179/ssa.2012.6.1.141 
Schleifer, D. (2006). Make me feel mighty real: Gay female-to-male transgenderists negotiating sex, gender, and sexuality. Sexualities, 9, 57–75.
Schrock DP, Boyd EM, Leaf M. (2009) Emotion work in the public performances of male-to-female transsexuals. Archives of sexual behavior. 2009;38(5):702-12.
Schultz, J. 2011. “Caster Semenya and the “Question of Too”: Sex Testing in Elite Women’s Sport and the Issue of Advantage.” Quest 63 (2): 228–243. doi: 10.1080/00336297.2011.10483678.
Teetzel S. (2006) On transgendered athletes, fairness and doping: An international challenge. Sport in Society.; 9(2):227-51.
Travers A. (2008) The sport nexus and gender injustice. Studies in Social Justice. 2008;2(1):79.
Travers A, Deri J. (2011)Transgender inclusion and the changing face of lesbian softball leagues. International review for the sociology of sport. 2011;46(4):488-507.
TRAVERS A, ANDERSON E.(2017) Introduction.  Transgender Athletes in Competitive Sport: Routledge; 2017. p. 11-20.
Vonderen KE, .Van Kinnally W. 2002. Media effects on body image:examining media exposure in the bro ader context of internal and other social factors. American Communication Journal.;14(2):41-57.
Walker C, Roberts MC. Handbook of clinical child psychology: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2001.
Weiler, N. 2015. Transgender Kids: ‘Exploding’ Number of Children, Parents Seek Clinical Help.” Mercury News, June 5. Accessed January 28, 2017. http://www.mercurynews. Com/2015/06/05/transgender-kids-exploding-number-of-children-parents-seekclinical-help/
Zucker, K. J., & Bradley, S. (2002). Gender Identity and psychosexual problem in children and Adolescents. Clinical Issues, 32(12), 115-125.
Zucker KJ, Green R. (1992) psychosexual disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 33(1):107-51.