Sport Management and Development
Amir Hossein Labbaf; Mehdi Salimi; Mohammad Soltan Hosseini
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to present a model for the financial success of Iran's Premier League football clubs.Methodology: The research employed a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative part was based on Grounded Theory with Charmaz's approach. ...
Read More
Objective: The aim of this study was to present a model for the financial success of Iran's Premier League football clubs.Methodology: The research employed a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative part was based on Grounded Theory with Charmaz's approach. The statistical population for the qualitative section consisted of senior managers of the Football Federation and the League Organization, CEOs of clubs, senior financial managers of clubs, and academic experts in sports management. Purposeful sampling was used along with the snowball method. A total of 18 interviews were conducted, concluding when theoretical saturation was reached. For the quantitative part, a questionnaire was designed based on the final findings from the qualitative section. The statistical sample for the quantitative section included 185 experts in sports management, financial management, financial experts of clubs, and members of the clubs' boards of directors, with available sampling. Quantitative data were analyzed using structural equation modeling in SPSS and SmartPLS.Results: Revenue generation, upstream rules and regulations, technical conditions, managerial strategies, fan engagement system, requirements, and club resources, with impact coefficients of 0.240, 0.195, 0.183, 0.182, 0.179, 0.064, 0.050 respectively, are the most important factors contributing to the financial success of Premier League football clubs.Conclusion: Achieving financial success for Premier League football clubs requires comprehensive attention to these factors and will enable clubs to reach their financial goals and secure a sustainable future. Clubs should evaluate their performance and adopt innovative approaches to move toward achieving financial goals and sustainable development.
Rasoul Tarighi; seyyed Mohammad Hossein Razavi
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this research was designing the model of sustainable supply chain risk management for Irans football club ownership industry.Methodology: The research method is correlation and is practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the current research are faculty member ...
Read More
Objective: The purpose of this research was designing the model of sustainable supply chain risk management for Irans football club ownership industry.Methodology: The research method is correlation and is practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the current research are faculty member (60), football clubs managers (22) and knowledgeable and experts in the concept of sustainability supply chain (18). The sampling method is non-random and targeted accessible. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire include 9 factors and 87item which was adjusted using codes from qualitative interviews and library studies and corresponding to the 5-point Likert scale. Its validity was confirmed by ten sport management professors. Reliability was calculated by Cronbach’s alpha test. In this research, descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used to analyze the informations .Also the, Partial Least Squares (PLS) has been used to check the research hypotheses.Results: Based on the findings of this study, the risks facing the sustainable supply chain of the Iranian football clubs industry, which can create significant risks in the process of producing the clubs' final product, which is the sporting event, include factors such as: economic, social, political, market, policies and laws, infrastructure and technology risk factors and the internal manager, environment and operations supply processes.Conclusion: According to the results of this research, it is suggested to the managers of football clubs in the country to pay due attention to the factors identified in this research. Awareness of the identified risks can prevent the possible occurrence of risks that cause tension and instability in the football clubs.
Behzad Soheili; Hossein Abdolmaleki; Mehdi Babaei
Abstract
Objective: In professional sports, predicting factors of success is very vital and important and is always in question. The failure of teams in the leagues has been a constant issue and progress and gaining status has been a challenge for all clubs; Therefore, the purpose of this study was predicting ...
Read More
Objective: In professional sports, predicting factors of success is very vital and important and is always in question. The failure of teams in the leagues has been a constant issue and progress and gaining status has been a challenge for all clubs; Therefore, the purpose of this study was predicting the success of football clubs in the Asian Champions League.Methodology: The present study is descriptive-correlational. Seven Asian countries that won the AFC Champions League between 2014 and 2019 were analyzed. At the level of descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation, and at the level of inferential statistics, because the response variable (success) was a qualitative variable, the logistic regression model was used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software.Results: Findings showed that 80% of the success of clubs in the AFC Champions League is correctly identified using the research model and foreign players, the average value of each player, the total value of the club and the number of players in a team have a positive impact on the success of football clubs in the AFC Champions League. And the age of the players has a negative effect, in other words, the lower average age can contribute to the success of football clubs in the AFC Champions League.Conclusion: Therefore, these factors are considered as a comparative advantage for the success of clubs and managers and stakeholders are suggested to put the necessary planning and investment on their agenda to achieve these things.
Fershteh Aghajani; Vajiheh Javani; Yaghub Badriazarin
Abstract
Objective: Football, which is the most popular sport in all parts of the globe, has in recent years become a hotbed of people who have created racist environments and chanted ethnic slogans, causing divisions among spectators, a phenomenon that can also be seen in Iranian football in the form of Ethnocentrism. ...
Read More
Objective: Football, which is the most popular sport in all parts of the globe, has in recent years become a hotbed of people who have created racist environments and chanted ethnic slogans, causing divisions among spectators, a phenomenon that can also be seen in Iranian football in the form of Ethnocentrism. Therefore, this study aimed to explore ethnocentrism among Iranian football fans.Methodology: The research method is qualitative with a phenomenological approach. To conduct this research, Iranian football fans from Turkish, Persian, and Arab ethnicities were interviewed. The sampling method was the criterion and continued until the theoretical saturation was reached.Results: According to the findings of the study, the phenomenon of ethnocentrism among Iranian football fans is a combination of the two main themes of reactive and inadvertent ethnicity and action and intentional ethnicity. Conclusion: The theme of reactive and inadvertent ethnicity represents reactive behaviors; In other words, people react to the events in the society and show their dissatisfaction in sports fields with ethnic slogans, but in the context of action and intentional ethnicity, it indicates the use of stadiums by people to propagate their political ideas. According to the obtained results, it is suggested to face the negative and positive aspects of this phenomenon in football stadiums so as not to cause destructive anomalies in society and destroy the image of Iranian football.
sara keshkar
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the barriers and opportunities for the use of renewable energy sources in the Iranian football stadiums.Methodology: The present study was conducted using a qualitative method. Thematic analysis technique was used for qualitative data analysis.The ...
Read More
Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the barriers and opportunities for the use of renewable energy sources in the Iranian football stadiums.Methodology: The present study was conducted using a qualitative method. Thematic analysis technique was used for qualitative data analysis.The participants of the study included experts in the field of sustainable development, managers and technical engineers of the stadiums where the Iranian Football Premier League was held in the years 1398 to 1399 Iran. The participants were selected by purposive sampling method following with snowball method until theoretical saturation was reached (N = 12).Results: The analysis of the interviews resulted to 31 open codes and three main themes in the barriers section, and 9 open codes and two main themes in the opportunities section. The main themes obtained in the barriers section include managerial barriers, political and economic barriers, and development barriers and in the opportunities section include geographical and cultural barriers, marketing and human resources.Conclusion: The results of the present study can be used in the construction of green stadiums based on sustainable development in Iran. Also, considering the identified opportunities in the field of exploitation of renewable energy sources in the country and according to the requirements of FIFA and the National Olympic Committee for the construction of green sports venues and stadiums, sports officials should take positive steps in this field.
somayeh emadi; Gholamreza jabbari
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to map and implement strategies of development of football coaches with BSC approach.Methodology: The research method is descriptive and purposefully applied. Data collection was done by field and mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population ...
Read More
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to map and implement strategies of development of football coaches with BSC approach.Methodology: The research method is descriptive and purposefully applied. Data collection was done by field and mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative). The statistical population of the study included 55 officials and experts in the quantitative section of the Football Federation's training and staff, and 12 in the qualitative section of the football coaches' managers and experts. Due to limitations, the statistical population was equal to the sample. Prior to this study, nine strategies were designed to develop the country's soccer coaches, the strategies were included in the BSC Landscape Design Form, and a small sample of research was provided. According to the majority, the landscapes were determined by the rational induction method and the Governing Council in the qualitative part.Results: The results showed that the development system of football coaches of the country has four aspects of growth and learning, internal processes, productivity, professionalization, 21 strategic goals, 36 measures and 54 actions and initiatives.Conclusion: This map facilitates the implementation of strategies for achieving the development of football coaching and is capable of achieving the long-term goals of coaching development.
ali mohsenifar; morteza dousti; Seyed Reza Hosseini Nia; saeid tabesh
Abstract
Objective: Television is the most important and influential medium in the development of different aspects of sport, and the Ninety is one of the most important, most popular, most controversial and controversial television program, bringing millions of viewers to television every week; The present study ...
Read More
Objective: Television is the most important and influential medium in the development of different aspects of sport, and the Ninety is one of the most important, most popular, most controversial and controversial television program, bringing millions of viewers to television every week; The present study is an analysis of the cancellation of Navad program broadcast in the Iranian Premier League.Methodology: This is an Analytical research with the mixed method. The sampling method was targeted and convenient. The statistical population of the study consisted of all journalists, media managers, coaches, referees, athletes and managers of football clubs across the country. In the first stage of the research, using interviews with 25 subject of the statistical population, the factors involved in the cancellation of Navad program broadcast were identified. In the second and third stages, the identified factors were assessed by the Delphi group (n = 25). In these two stages, factors with at least 70% positive response remained for the next stage. In the final stage, the identified factors in the previous three stages were ranked using the five-point Likert scale. After collection, the data was analyzed with the TAPSIS technique.Results: The results of the study showed that the increase of misjudgment in the Premier League games is the most effective and the absence of coaches and technical staff of the Premier League teams in the substitute programs for Navad program are the most effective factors of the cancellation of Navad program broadcast on the Iranian Premier League.Conclusion: Therefore, according to the research results, it is suggested to the authorities to improve progress and transparency in the Premier League by emphasizing on prograaming and broadcasting the Navad program.
Sajjad Taherkhani; shahram shafiee
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the incidence of collusion in Iranian football.Methodology: The present study is descriptive-correlational in terms of its purpose. The statistical population of the study consisted of all managers and experts, coaches, referees ...
Read More
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the incidence of collusion in Iranian football.Methodology: The present study is descriptive-correlational in terms of its purpose. The statistical population of the study consisted of all managers and experts, coaches, referees and athletes of the Premier League, who were selected through purposive sampling (172 persons). The validity of the researcher-made questionnaire was confirmed by experts (n = 11). Its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test (0.938) and combined reliability. Structural equation modeling with PLS3 and SPSS24 software was used for data analysis and model fit.Results: The results of the path analysis showed that the causes and drivers of collusion have a significant effect on the behavior of actors and agents of collusion, methods and tools of collusion and the consequences and consequences of collusion. Factors of collusion methods and tools also had a significant effect on the behavior of actors and agents of collusion and the consequences and consequences of collusion. Also the behavior of actors and actors of collusion had a significant effect on the results and consequences of collusion. Finally, the effect of all the mediating variables on the research was also significant.Conclusion: According to the results of this study, it can be said that the model presented in this study can be a good roadmap for identifying the factors influencing collusion formation in Iranian soccer sport in order to prevent these behaviors.
Abolfazl Darvishi; arman taheri; morteza dousti
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of corruption in Iranian football.Methodology: This research is applied and its method is mixed. Sampling method was purposeful and available. The statistical population of the study consisted of Iran's managers, coaches, players, pioneers ...
Read More
Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of corruption in Iranian football.Methodology: This research is applied and its method is mixed. Sampling method was purposeful and available. The statistical population of the study consisted of Iran's managers, coaches, players, pioneers and referees. In the first stage, factor were identified by use interviews with 17 people from the statistical population. In the second phase, the identified factors in interview, reviewed by the Delphi group (20 people) and in two stage; at this stage, factors that had at least 60% positive response remained for the next step. In the final stage, the ranking of the identified factors in two stages before was done using Likert Five-Point Questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was obtained by the sports management professors and its reliability through Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.86). For ranking the factors was used of Friedman test in format of SPSS software.Results: According to the findings of this research, the most important factors of corruption in Iranian football were respectively, the lack of collective will to fight corruption, Circulation lots of money and without plans in football, Inadequate monitoring and inappropriate control, Intervention political and mismanagement in dealing with corruption.Conclusion: Therefore, according to the results of this research, it can be said that there is no determination in the Iranian football for a fundamental struggle with corruption, and this is the reason for the lack of adequate supervision.
Hamid tahmasebi shahmansouri; Amin Khatibi; Seyed Hossein marashian; Sedighe Heydari Nezhad
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting financial development in Iranian professional societies.Methodology: The present study was a cross-sectional research carried out in qualitative and quantitative methods. The Samples in the qualitative method were 11 experts ...
Read More
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting financial development in Iranian professional societies.Methodology: The present study was a cross-sectional research carried out in qualitative and quantitative methods. The Samples in the qualitative method were 11 experts were informed about the research. the samples In the quantitative method were 65 pepple of Some senior football departments and the Ministry of Sports and Youth that were selected as the sample of the study based on the selection of all of them. The tool of the present study was Semi-structured interview and researcher-made questionnaire of 31 questions. The validity of this questionnaire was reviewed and approved by some university professors. The reliability of this questionnaire was 0.81. To analyze the data, SPSS and PLS software were used.Results: The results of this study showed that 31 factors affecting financial development in Iran's professional football were extracted through interviews, which were classified into six technical, managerial, cultural, club, legal and motivational factors.Conclusion: The results of the study showed that all identified factors affect the financial process in Iran's professional football. In the meantime, the technical factors with the impact of 0.967 had the most impact and the motivational factors had the lowest impact on the financial transfer of professional football by 0.647.
Samira Feizi; Mehrzad Hamidi; seyed mohhamad hosein razavi; reza andam
Abstract
Objective: One of the main methods of financing and costs by professional sport clubs in the world, is selling tickets, as ticket sales, the lifeblood of any sport organization. Hence, the purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the factors affecting ticketing of Iran’s premier football ...
Read More
Objective: One of the main methods of financing and costs by professional sport clubs in the world, is selling tickets, as ticket sales, the lifeblood of any sport organization. Hence, the purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the factors affecting ticketing of Iran’s premier football league. Methodology: The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the study included all spectators over 18 years old in the Premier League in 2015/16 season. Sample size (n=324) based on factor analysis, 2 to 10-fold of the items was selected. The data collected through a made questionnaire whose face and content validity was confirmed by 15 experts in panel. To calculate reliability Cronbach’s alpha (α= .9) was used. To analyze the data, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used. Results: Based on exploratory factor analysis, 33 items of ticketing in 8 factors “Facility, Cultural - Social, Attractiveness of match, Economic, Managerial, Marketing, Technology and Planning” were classified. Also, based on confirmation model, Cultural - Social factor, Marketing, Technology, Managerial, Economic, Planning, Attractiveness of match and Facility factor had highest impact on the Iran’s Premier League football ticketing respectively. Conclusion: So, clubs and League organization to better selling ticket and increase their income, must be pay more attention to Facility, Cultural - Social, Attractiveness of match, Economic, Managerial, Marketing, Technology and Planning factors.
Mohammad Ehsani; Hashem Kuzechian; Mohammad Khabiri; Mehdi Azadan
Abstract
Objective: Crowd management has been a necessary and integral part of the management of any event due to diverse and large amount of attendees. Mismanagement of crowd might cause irreparable losses. The goal of this study was to explore the challenges of crowd management in Iran’s Premiere ...
Read More
Objective: Crowd management has been a necessary and integral part of the management of any event due to diverse and large amount of attendees. Mismanagement of crowd might cause irreparable losses. The goal of this study was to explore the challenges of crowd management in Iran’s Premiere Football League in order to have an effective plan in this case. Methodology: The research was conducted using qualitative method with exploratory nature. Data were collected using 23 deep interviews with selective sampling and snowball technique. We employed thematic analysis to code and analyze data. Results: Results showed the existence of challenges in 57 concepts. These concepts were changed to 14 secondary concepts in second phase of coding. Finally we had 5 main category or theme in third phase of coding including structure, behavior, policy making, socio-cultural and identity of crowd management. Conclusion: Awareness of those holding football matches in Iran from challenges presented in this paper could make them to try and plan for better management of challenges. This finally will lead to an increase in satisfaction of attendees and their decision to return, increase in safety and security standards and finally social and economic benefits.To design an effective crowd management model in Premiere League, a serious and careful consideration of these results originating from deep viewpoints of experts is proposed.
Mehdi Rasooli; Alireza Elahi; Mohsen Esmaeili
Abstract
Objective: Fans loyalty depends on accurate brand management. The main aim of this study was identifying external effective factors on branding of Iran's football clubs and promoting football club branding model of Rasooli (2014).Methodology: This is a qualitative study and basic research by method which ...
Read More
Objective: Fans loyalty depends on accurate brand management. The main aim of this study was identifying external effective factors on branding of Iran's football clubs and promoting football club branding model of Rasooli (2014).Methodology: This is a qualitative study and basic research by method which ran through grounded theory method and qualitative interviews with experts. Interviews analyzed through qualitative coding (open, axial and selective).Results: Findings exposed 60 labels in open coding which categorized in 8 concepts. These concepts were culture, economic, top authorities, media, technology, opponents, customers and others.Conclusion: Eventually promoted model of Iran's football club brand management developed. The alternatives suggested according to the findings which club managers can use to promote club's brand.
mostafa soltani; Gholam Ali Kargar; sara keshkar; Farzad Ghafori
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of present study was designing the revenue model for iranian professional football clubs. Methodology: The method of this study was exploratory mixed. The population of qualitative and quantitative research in this study were all of the football industry elite. Sampling in qualitative ...
Read More
Objective: The purpose of present study was designing the revenue model for iranian professional football clubs. Methodology: The method of this study was exploratory mixed. The population of qualitative and quantitative research in this study were all of the football industry elite. Sampling in qualitative part of this study was targeted stratified and in quantitative part was targeted. The instrument used to collect data in this study was a researcher made questionnaire. Content analysis was used to analyze interviews with experts and structural equation model to evaluate the model. All the present data analysis with using SPSS version 22 and software PLS was performed. Results: The results showed that commercial, fans, media, advertising, match day revenue, others and financial sponsors with path coefficients: 0.352, 0.189, 0.178, 0.169, 0.146, 0.138 and 0.137 could be the most important sources of revenue for iranian football clubs. Conclusion: Clubs can use new marketing techniques and various sources of revenue, such as: commercial, fans, media rights, advertising, match day revenue, financial sponsors and other resources, to meet the financial needs, develop clubs and have strong presence in the domestic and international arena.
rasool nazari; maryam mokhtari
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was provide the elements are redirected to football clubs on the basis of brand equity from the customer perspective (CBBE). Methodology: This study applied a statistical correlation- descriptive population consisted of all mangers, the club staff, players and fans and ...
Read More
Objective: The aim of this study was provide the elements are redirected to football clubs on the basis of brand equity from the customer perspective (CBBE). Methodology: This study applied a statistical correlation- descriptive population consisted of all mangers, the club staff, players and fans and customers’ four sports and cultural club Sepahan, ZobAhan, Gitipas and Reef. Sample size was determined using Cochran formula 384 the samples were random. Instrument components are based on customer-based brand equity Claire (2001) consists of 71 questions. The validity by two professors of sport management and reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.92) respectively. The findings for statistical analysis SPSS software and LISREL software was used to model. Results: Six of brand salience, brand performance, brand imagery, judgments about brand, brand perceptions and brand conformity as presented in predicting brand equity from the customer perspective. Conclusion: In general research indicate that among the six operating components are the building blocks of conformity with commitment has the greatest impact and the quality of imaging components are operating judge had minimal impact on brand equity from the customer perspective.
alireza zare; Hakimeh Zare; Mehdi Emadi
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the propensity for superstition among football players in Iran. Methodology: It is an applied and field study. Research population included the whole Iran pro league footballers (N=420). The sample size was 203 players selected ...
Read More
Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting the propensity for superstition among football players in Iran. Methodology: It is an applied and field study. Research population included the whole Iran pro league footballers (N=420). The sample size was 203 players selected by Cochran's Q formula. The tool was a structured questionnaire whose validity and reliability were verified. The statistical tests consisted of Pearson correlation, one-way ANOVA, independent t-test, and multiple regressions using SPSS software. Results: Results showed that the propensity for superstition generally had average value (average size = 41%). There was significant relationship between indexes of education, marital status, match uncertainty, match result’s importance, pre-game anxiety, ethnicity, and birthplace with the propensity for superstition (p<0.05). Conclusion: Rise in educational level and match anxiety reduction can significantly influence the reduction of propensity for superstition.
Mousa AlizadehAlizadeh; Mehrdad Moharramzadeh; Ali Reza Elahi
Abstract
Objective: Nowadaysone of the most common strategies that have been developed by organizations is to execute loyalty programs to retain customers.Therefore, the research purpose is to examine what kind of attitudinal or behavioral loyalty has more predictability for the spectator's purchase behavior. ...
Read More
Objective: Nowadaysone of the most common strategies that have been developed by organizations is to execute loyalty programs to retain customers.Therefore, the research purpose is to examine what kind of attitudinal or behavioral loyalty has more predictability for the spectator's purchase behavior. Methodology: Due to lack of access to databases related to all the Tractor Sazi'sspectator information, the spectators who came to the Yadegar-e-Emam Tabriz stadium to watch team’s match were considered as convenience sample. The research method was applied based on purpose and correlative based on data collection. The correlation test and regression test were used as statistical methods. Data was collected by two questionnaires including Mahony’s loyalty questionnaire (2000) and Kim’s Purchase Behavior questionnaire (2008). Data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The results demonstrated the significant positive relationship between attitudinal and behavioral loyalty with purchase behavior of spectators. Also, the attitudinal loyalty component had more predictability than behavioral loyalty to predict purchase behavior of spectators. Conclusion: Because the attitudinal loyalty size was more than behavioral loyalty size, club managers must make situation easier for spectators to attend the stadium and to access easily to club information and events. Consequently, the potential loyalty or attitudinal loyalty of spectators turns to a behavioral loyalty or loyalty in action. Finally it leads to purchase behavior resulting in organizational benefit and meeting customers’ needs.
Sayed Amad Hosseini; Sayed Mohammad Hosin Razavi; Masoud Yamini Firouz; Sayed malek ashtar Hashemi Kochaksarai
Volume 4, Issue 1 , June 2015, , Pages 49-63
Abstract
AbstractObjective: Nowadays, credible international leagues attempt to improve their standards to continue their progress to become proficient in next years. The aim of this research is the study of Iran's Premier League football based on professional standards AFC.Methodology: This research is a descriptive ...
Read More
AbstractObjective: Nowadays, credible international leagues attempt to improve their standards to continue their progress to become proficient in next years. The aim of this research is the study of Iran's Premier League football based on professional standards AFC.Methodology: This research is a descriptive one. Base on the aim, it is functional and accomplished in field. The statistic population of this study included all Federation's managers, league organization, Club's managers, head coaches, instructors and obliging wardens (supervisors) of premier league and Iran's football experts (102 persons) that all had been selected due to the limited statistic population. In order to collect the data, a questionnaire was made by the researcher. To analyze the data using descriptive statistic methods, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test and Binomial Test at significance level (α= 0/05) were used.Results: The results showed that in optimal position, stadium (4/0329) and in the present situation, the League organization (2/8511), had the highest average comparing to other variables The results also showed that the five components being studied in the present situation were less than mean situation and the average (number 3) and they were not at a favorable level according to AFC standard.Conclusion: The results of the research in its five components rejected its conformity to AFC’s standards. So, it is suggested that people who are in charge try to develop increasingly and achieve Iran's football goals based on international standards.
