Document Type : Research Paper I Open Access I Released under (CC BY-NC 4.0) license
Authors
1 Ph.D Student in Sport Management, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
2 Associate Professor of Sport Management,, Department of Sport Management, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran.
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to develop a comprehensive conceptual framework for the application of blockchain-based tokens in the national sport industry.
Methodology: The research was conducted using a qualitative approach and a multiple grounded theory method. Data were collected from two complementary sources: semi-structured interviews with 16 academic and executive experts in the fields of sports management, fintech, and the digital economy, and a content review of 39 scientific articles published between 2019 and 2025. Theoretical (judgmental) sampling continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The credibility of the findings was confirmed through data triangulation, member checking, and an inter-coder agreement coefficient (Cohen’s kappa = 0.72). Data analysis was performed concurrently using multi-stage coding.
Results: The analysis yielded 179 initial concepts, which were organized into 44 axial codes, 19 selective codes, and six overarching categories: drivers and prerequisites, challenges and barriers, opportunities and capacities, dimensions and types of blockchain-based tokens, strategic responses, and outcomes and implications. The findings indicate that successful implementation depends on the alignment of regulatory frameworks, technological infrastructure, organizational readiness, and stakeholder capabilities.
Conclusion: Blockchain-based tokens represent a multidimensional innovation capable of enhancing transparency, strengthening fan engagement, and creating sustainable revenue streams. The proposed framework offers a practical and evidence-based guide for policymakers, sports organizations, and entrepreneurs seeking to implement token-based initiatives in the national sport industry.
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