nasim keshmiri; Alireza Elahi; hossein akbari yazdi
Abstract
Objective: Advertising impact assessment is one of the important parts of advertising plan. In this regard, advertising through sport need a standard and specific tool. The aim of this study was design a questionnaire advertising effectiveness through sport based on AIDA model and then to determine validity ...
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Objective: Advertising impact assessment is one of the important parts of advertising plan. In this regard, advertising through sport need a standard and specific tool. The aim of this study was design a questionnaire advertising effectiveness through sport based on AIDA model and then to determine validity and reliability of it. Methodology: The opinions of expert`s group used to determine the content and face validity of questionnaire. Also to determine the construct validity and reliability, first, among the present spectators in Azadi Stadium, 45 people in the pilot study and 366 people participated in the main study. Results: The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) show the confirmation of construct validity of Measurement tool and the results of internal consistency with using Cronbach's alpha (α =0.84) and composite reliability (CR= 0.91) was acceptable. Conclusion: This tool can clearify impact challenges of successful advertisement by evaluating 4 concesctive steps of evaluation of advertisement effectiveness model (AIDA model). This tool have ability to assessment of advertisement through sport effectiveness and it can be use by corporate that have advertisement through sport for their product and marketing and advertising researchers.
Gholam Reza Shabani Bahar; Mohsen Loghmani Loghmani
Abstract
Objective: In contrast to job design, job crafting is staff-based and it makes work meaningful. Regarding lack of exact questionnaire to evaluate this phenomenon, this research has been conducted with aim of localizing the job crafting scale (JCS) in sport. Methodology: There were 191 staff in the ministry ...
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Objective: In contrast to job design, job crafting is staff-based and it makes work meaningful. Regarding lack of exact questionnaire to evaluate this phenomenon, this research has been conducted with aim of localizing the job crafting scale (JCS) in sport. Methodology: There were 191 staff in the ministry of youth affairs and sports randomly selected by Krejcie and Morgan table (1970) and they responded to 21 items questionnaire of job crafting scale by Tims et al (2012). Also, initial face validity and reliability of questionnaire were confirmed by 17 professors as well as some individuals of statistical sample. Results: The exploratory factor analysis showed that the four components including rise of structural job resources, decline of hindering job demands, rise of social job resources, and rise of challenging job demands reflected job crafting of sport human resource (accounting for 64% of the total variance) excluding item 6 and item 21. In particular, rise of social job resources component was the strongest component of job crafting in the sport human resources (R2= 0.65). Conclusion: The researchers can use the 19-items job crafting scale to do research in the scope of sport human resource.
Yasser Safar; Seyed Morteza Azimzadeh; Azar Kafashpoor
Volume 5, Issue 1 , May 2016, , Pages 85-102
Abstract
Objective: Nowadays, developing and managing strong brands are not restricted to products, teams and leagues but they are also followed among specific individual athletes. Hence, the purpose of this research was to analyze the effective factors to make the brand image of athletes. Methodology: The present ...
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Objective: Nowadays, developing and managing strong brands are not restricted to products, teams and leagues but they are also followed among specific individual athletes. Hence, the purpose of this research was to analyze the effective factors to make the brand image of athletes. Methodology: The present research was applied based on research purpose, field based on data collection, descriptive-correlation based on methodology. The study population consisted of all male students in physical education universities in the city of Mashhad in the second semester of 2013-14 academic year (N=1083). To determine the sample size, PASS software was used. On this basis, the required sample size was estimated to be 308 people. The questionnaire was distributed to a randomly cluster. In order to analyze the research data, confirmatory factor analysis software was used with AMOS21. Results: The results showed that, factors on and off field, both had a significant relationship with the athlete’s brand image. Furthermore, it was found that the style of athletic competition and sportsmanship, with the highest and lowest loadings of 0.91 and 0.52, impact the athlete’s brand image. Conclusion: In addition to pay attention to the factors on filed, athlete should look for factors of off field to create a positive image of themselves. Also, personal brand should be based on their competitive advantage to achieve the main goal of branding which is to create a distinction.
