Mohammad Sadegh Afroozeh
Abstract
Objective: Professional sport with a market-oriented approach, in addition to social benefits, has sometimes exploited athletes in some aspects. The purpose of this study was to identify Manifestations of exploitation of athletes by clubs and the general atmosphere of professional sports.Methodology: ...
Read More
Objective: Professional sport with a market-oriented approach, in addition to social benefits, has sometimes exploited athletes in some aspects. The purpose of this study was to identify Manifestations of exploitation of athletes by clubs and the general atmosphere of professional sports.Methodology: This research was conducted qualitatively. Sampling was purposive and 12 athletes, experts and manager were selected as participants and data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews.Results: The results showed Manifestations of sports exploitation in eight cases including physical exploitation (physical injuries, exercise health, body destruction), emotional exploitation (family rejection, social humiliation), identity exploitation (gender discrimination, ethnic-religious discrimination), social exploitation (media orientation). Expectations, social role distortion, confusion), economic exploitation (contracts, pensions, salaries), cultural exploitation (lifestyle media war), exploitation of human property (instrumental view, tools of war) and educational exploitation (behavioral violence, verbal violence, Psychological violence).Conclusion: However, the existence of local cultures, the influence of liberal ideas of sports colleagues and finally the athlete's lack of awareness of the course of his professional life has sometimes led to the exploitation of the athlete's life in various dimensions
hossein zareian; mohammad sadegh afroozeh; mostafa afshari
Abstract
Objective: One of the key issues in any economic system is transparency in tax matters and the turnover of institutions and governmental and non-governmental organizations. Lack of transparency and accuracy in financial intelligence can lead to tax evasion or, in other words, a shadow economy. Shadow ...
Read More
Objective: One of the key issues in any economic system is transparency in tax matters and the turnover of institutions and governmental and non-governmental organizations. Lack of transparency and accuracy in financial intelligence can lead to tax evasion or, in other words, a shadow economy. Shadow economy is a factor that undermines the basis of the economic system of the country by disregarding the state in its goals by questioning justice in payment in the tax system. Therefore, given the importance of the development of the sports industry, identifying examples of shadow economy in this area is of great importance.Methodology: Considering the qualitative and exploratory nature of the subject, the qualitative research method of grounded theory and Glaser method (1992) was used. First through the preliminary studies, the introductory list of effective factors was identified. Then Semi-structured interviews were conducted with (n = 25) elite knowledgeable about the subject of research. The validity of the present study was evaluated by the interviewees and then by professors and confirmed. The reliability of the results was 75 percent based on the method of the audit of the process. For data analysis, logical inductive method has been used during three stages of open, axial, and selective coding.Results: . Results open coding showed that 119 indicators could be indicative of the incidence of shadow economy in the development of professional sport in Iran. Then at the axial coding stage, the indicators were classified in 23 concepts. Finally, the 8 categories identified were selected through selective codification including tax transparency, Legal gaps, tax pay culture, taxpayer training, fraud, concealment, tax attitude and management gaps.Conclusion: In general, due to the move of sports clubs to privatization, the need for strict compliance with financial reporting requirements and the prevention of any hidden economy, the production and presentation of transparent and reliable financial information for better decision making and increased investor confidence in capital It's inevitable that Iranian clubs will be considered. Therefore, policymakers for the development of the country's sports industry can use the indicators, concepts and categories identified in their future plans to prevent any incidents and factors of the shadow economy in Iranian professional sport.
AliReza Irajpour; Nahid Mojarrad; Faramarz Dabbagh Rezaieh
Volume 5, Issue 2 , January 2017, , Pages 36-52
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this research is to investigate the roles of mass media (cultural, Educational, information and social participation stimulation) on cultural development of Iran amateur and professional sports in 2013. Methodology: Research method is descriptive-correlation. To gather data, ...
Read More
Objective: The purpose of this research is to investigate the roles of mass media (cultural, Educational, information and social participation stimulation) on cultural development of Iran amateur and professional sports in 2013. Methodology: Research method is descriptive-correlation. To gather data, library research (documents, literature review) and the field study (interviews and questionnaires) were used. The population consist of all the experts and managers in the field of sport and media whose number is 360. Sampling method was randomly and sample size was 186. For analyzing research hypothesis, t test, Pearson correlation, confirmatory factor analysis were used by SPSS software and Lisrel software. Content validity was used in order to assess the validity of questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient which its value was 0.898. Results: Research hypotheses at the significance level of 0.05 were confirmed and the results showed significantly positive relationship between roles of mass media and cultural development of amateur and professional sports. Based on means, effective factors on the cultural development of professional sports have been ranked. The cultural role of mass media took the first place and educational, information, and social participation stimulation role were ranked the next ones respectively. Conclusion: Participants believed that despite the mass media's effect on sport and cultural development, it is not considered appropriately. Furthermore, more sport programs of media were related to championship and professional sport. But, amateur sports were paid less attention. Therefore, an appropriate applied plan is required in order to interact with the media and use its capacities for the cultural development of sports in different dimensions.
